Supersonic aircraft and their economic value

1.1. Where and when the first supersonic aircraft was produced and the history of their development
In the 40s of the twentieth century, during the Second World War, on the solution of this issue actively worked German designers, hoping with the help of such aircraft to turn the tide of the war. As we know, they did not succeed, the war ended. The first, who realized the dream of all pilots to overcome the supersonic barrier, was the American test pilot Chuck Yeager. In 1947, this pilot was the first in history to overcome the speed of sound on a manned vehicle. He operated a prototype Bell x-1 aircraft with a rocket engine. By the way, captured during the war, German scientists and their development, quite strongly contributed to the appearance of this device, as well as, in fact, all the further development of flight technologies.
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1.1.1. The first generation of supersonic aircraft
November 8, 1950 during the war in Korea for the first time in the history of aviation, it came to the direct use of jet fighters. During the war, it was found that the MiG-15 fighter of the design of A. I. Mikoyan with a swept wing by acceleration, maneuverability and maximum speed significantly exceeds the American aircraft “Shooter Star” F-80 of the company “Lockheed” and “Sanderstrik” F-84 of the company “Ripablik” with a straight wing. From this fact in the West, it was concluded that the decisive factors in the struggle for air superiority are the maximum speed and equipment of the aircraft guided missile weapons.
The United States reached the first place by the release of the “sabre” F-86 the company “North American”, which was recognized as meeting these requirements due to the application of the swept wing and the proposed higher maximum speed.
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1.1.2. The second generation of supersonic aircraft
Progress in the development of propulsion systems and airframe design, as well as advances in aerodynamics and control technology led to the creation of supersonic aircraft at the turn of the 1960-1970s, which are usually called second-generation aircraft. They are characterized by the use of dual-circuit (turbofan) jet engines, which, developing the same thrust as single-circuit, consume much less fuel. The use of such engines allowed not only to reduce the weight of the aircraft and increase its load capacity, but also to reduce the ratio of the mass of the aircraft to the engine thrust below 1kg/Dan, which, along with other improvements, led to a noticeable increase in maneuverability, speed set and rate of climb of the aircraft of the 70-ies in comparison with the aircraft of the 50-ies. The first Western aircraft, which marked the beginning of a new generation, was the F-111, followed by tested “Mirage” F. 1 and “Wiggen”.
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1.2. What challenges faced the designers of aircraft
In the beginning of the flight, the plane goes through resistance provided by air. The higher the speed, the greater the resistance.
In 1948, after the first successful tests of the supersonic aircraft in the USSR, the development of this industry slowed down some, as there was a significant number of physical difficulties associated with the control of the aircraft at supersonic speeds. At high speeds, such property of air as compressibility begins to appear, aerodynamic streamlining becomes completely different. There is a wave resistance, and such an unpleasant phenomenon for any pilot as the flutter plane begins to heat up strongly.
Designers had to cope with the problem. It was a “Temperature challenges” (Thermal barrier).
At speeds exceeding 2,500 km/h, the temperature of the wing and fuselage rises up to 250°. This phenomenon prevents further increase in speed.
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Operation problem:
There was a need to transform the entire control system of the aircraft. At subsonic speeds, a certain air pressure is maintained on the controls. At supersonic speeds, this pressure increases and its center of attack shifts. As a result, the design of the controls for different speeds should be fundamentally different.
At the same time, it was necessary to take into account the fact that at subsonic speeds, the pilot’s strength is enough to subdue the control of the aircraft, while at the “sound barrier” it would not be enough. Therefore, the control design is changed and the aircraft is equipped with a booster rudders. Here designers have encountered a new challenge. The pilot should, as they say, constantly “feel” the plane during the flight. This feeling is transmitted to him through the control knob. In a supersonic aircraft, the pilot’s sense of control should be the same as in a biplane. Otherwise, he loses touch with the plane and the disaster is inevitable.
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2.1. Leading countries in the world in the creation of supersonic aircraft

The aviation industry as an industry was formed in the early twentieth century. By 1910-12-th years in many countries, there were several enterprises engaged in the production of aircraft. Interest in the industry arose in the days of the world’s wars, in particular, the Second World War, when the air became one of the determining factors in a particular battle. After 1945, the industry continued to grow rapidly, in this period, paying more attention to civil aviation. By the end of 80-x aviation industry has approached the modern model and then almost did not change its appearance. At present, several countries of aviation industry leaders have formed in this sector, holding their positions.
In the postwar years, the role of individual countries and regions in the global production of aircraft has changed significantly.
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2.2. Leading companies in the aircraft market

This Chapter I would like to start with an interesting historical fact. The founders of the aircraft construction Brothers Wright built their plane together, but this record is unlikely to be taken into account, because in 1903 in the world would not be a dozen people who know about the aircraft industry.
In my thesis, I would like to consider all the companies, but in view of their huge number will present three companies that are real giants in the aviation market.
• Boeing. This company is included in the list of five largest and most productive companies in the world.
• Airbus. This company rightfully occupies the list of the largest aircraft manufacturers, the average performance of 4000 aircraft per year, among which 200-400 are being sold abroad.
• This company is the third largest market of the aircraft industry – Embraer.
• United aviation Corporation of Russia or “UAC”

2.2.1. Boeing.
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2.2. 2. Company Airbus.
One of the largest aircraft companies in the world, formed in the late 1960s by the merger of several European aircraft manufacturers. It produces passenger, cargo and military transport aircraft under the Airbus brand.
The formation of Airbus in the form of a consortium in December 1970 was the first step towards the integration of the European civil aircraft industry, which was undertaken to ensure the sale of Airbus aircraft on the world market. Since that time, Airbus has constantly increased its market share and is now one of the two Western manufacturers of main civil aircraft with more than 100 seats. Airbus, whose turnover for 2000 amounted to 17.2 billion dollars, offers carriers a universal family of the most modern aircraft in the world with the number of seats from 107 on A318 to 555 on A380.
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2.3. The relationship between the leaders of aircraft constructors
The world aircraft industry today is one of the most developed, profitable and science-intensive branches of mechanical engineering. Only economically developed countries can afford to Finance firms and companies producing aircraft structures. Consider the most well known of these companies, as well as the economic relations between them.
The economic potential of Switzerland allows this country to place on its territory enterprises of the machine-building complex. In addition to the aircraft company, Pilatus aircraft Ltd in Switzerland, there are about two dozen producers of various aircraft structures, which supply their products both on the domestic market and abroad. These producers are in most cases small and medium-sized firms that have secured a decent position in the industry due to their extremely high degree of specialization.
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Chapter 3.3. Production and the cost of supersonic aircraft on the example of F-35.
3.3.1. Cost
For the development of the aircraft in April 2011 was spent more than 56 billion dollars. According to the statement of the President D. Trump, the total cost of the project was 400 billion (instead of 380 in 2013), the cost of one machine on average exceeded 150 million, without weapons and maintenance (24 000 per hour which is close to the flight hour F-16), the full cost is understood as a plan for the purchase of all (more than 2000) aircraft, and only the refusal of procurement can reduce the amount.
Table 3. Cost of both small-scale and large-scale samples:

Source: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-35
On February 15, 2012, the U.S. Department of defense announced its decision to postpone the purchase of 179 f-35 fighters. On the same day, Giampaolo Di Paola, Italy’s defense Minister, announced plans to reduce the order from 131 to 90 F-35.
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List of references
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